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Anti-Tumor Activity of Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Ekki-Youketsu-Fusei-Zai, and Its Effects on Immunocyte Functions
2.Induction of Morphological Changes of Murine Macrophage Cell Line J774.1 and
Enhancement of Their IL-12 Production by Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ekki-Youketsu-Fusei-Zai
Kaori Nakajimaa, Hong Denga,b,
Xinling Maa, Kenichiro Hasumia,Toshitaka Akatsukab
and Haruhisa Wagoc
a)TCM laboratory, Electro-Chemical and Cancer Institute, 5-45-6 Kokuryo, Chofu,
Tokyo 182-0022, Japan, b)Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical School,
Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan, c)Laboratory of Immunology, Department
of Medical Technology, Saitama Medical School Junior College, Moroyama, Iruma-gun,
Saitama 350-0495, Japan
Introduction
|
Macrophages are known to be activated in vitro by a variety of agents,
leading to an increase of metabolism, syntheses and release of lysosomal enzyme,
phagocytosis, and anti-mitotic or anti-tumor effects. Many of these agents are
generally potent immunological adjuvants or immunopotentiators, some of which
are natural products called biological response modifiers (BRM)1)
and possess functions affecting immune system and host defense mechanisms. BRM
also alters the host biological responses2) , and is effective in
suppressing tumor cells3) . Among these products, bacterial lipopolysaccharides
(LPS) is one of the strongest activators of macrophage4,5) . To verify
the mechanisms underlying the LPS action on macrophage, murine macrophage-like
cell line J774.1 has been so far used in many investigations6-14)
.
Though one of BRMs, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), is an undefined crude
extract from a mixture of many plants, animals and minerals, the prescription
is defined for each TCM. There have been many reports describing the biological
actions of TCMs on immune responses in mammals15-21). Ekki-Youketsu-Fusei-Zai
(EYFZ), one of the TCMs, is a mixture composed of extract of six kinds of crude
drugs; Astragali radix, Zizyphy fructus, Amomi semen, Angelica
radix, Cervi parvum cornu, and Rehmanniae radix. EYFZ has
frequently been prescribed for the treatment of cancer patients in China. Recently,
we demonstrated that an oral administration of EYFZ had a life-prolonging effect
on tumor-bearing mice and an inhibitory influence on tumor size22).
However, the biological action of EYFZ on murine immune response in vitro
has not been investigated.
Previously, we tried to examine the effects of oral administration of EYFZ
on the functions of peritoneal macrophage in tumor-bearing BALB/c mice, it was
difficult to get some effects of EYFZ on macrophage functions. For example,
first, mice got weak after the implantation of colon-26 cell, and it was difficult
to collect enough cells of resting macrophage without thiolycollate-stimulation.
Secondly, since the thiolycollate itself strongly stimulated the resting peritoneal
macrophage in tumor-bearing mice, we could not find any difference between the
EYFZ-administrated and control mice on functions of peritoneal macrophage. Thirdly,
J774.1 macrophage-like cell line is originated from the BALB/c mice and can
be used for study of macrophage function in vitro and were also reported
to show the same cytokine production as the macrophages23-26). That's
because, in the present study, we examined the effect of EYFZ on morphological
changes and cytokine production of J774.1 in vitro to elucidate the mechanisms
underlying the EYFZ action on immune responses.
Materials and Methods |
Preparation of EYFZ EYFZ is a mixture of six kinds of crude drugs. All
of the crude drugs were purchased from Tochimoto (Osaka, Japan). EYFZ (dose/person/day)
was prepared as follows. First, a mixture of Astragali radix (10.0 g),
Zizyphy fructus (5.0 g), Amomi semen (5.0 g), Angelica radix
(8.0 g), Cervi parvum cornu (5.0 g), and Rehmanniae radix (10.0)
was added to 200 ml distilled water (DW) and soaked for 20 min at room temperature.
Then, it was boiled for 30 min for extraction of effective substances, and the
solution was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 min. Finally, the supernatant was
condensed to 43 ml (1 g crude drug/ml) by evaporation, and diluted with DW to
desired concentrations.
Cell culture The murine macrophage-like cell line, J774.1, was obtained
from Riken Cell Bank (RCB, Japan). The cells were maintained in 75 cm2
plastic culture flasks (Falcon) in RPMI-1640 medium (Roswell Park Memorial Institute)
with kanamycin (5μg/ml, Sigma) and 5 % fetal bovine serum. Cells were incubated
at 37 ℃ in a humidified atmosphere containing 5 % CO2. Cells harvested
by gentle scraping were passaged every 3-4 days by diluting 1:10 with fresh
medium.
Observation of morphological changes of J774.1 J774.1 cells were suspended
in culture medium at a concentration of 5×104 cell/ml, and 5 ml of
cell suspension is plated in a 25 cm2 plastic culture flask (Falcon).
The cells were incubated with 1.2 mg crude drug/ml of EYFZ, 10 ng/ml lipopolysaccaride
(LPS) or culture medium only for 3, 6, 12 hrs at 37 ℃ in 5 % CO2
in air. After incubation, the cell morphology was observed under a phase-contrast
microscope (model ND; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan), and photographed in random fields.
Table 1. Sequence of Primer Sets for Mouse Cytokine Genes |
RT-PCR J774.1 cells were suspended in culture medium at a cell concentration
of 5×104 cells/ml, and 5 ml of the cell suspension was plated in
a 25 cm2 plastic culture flask (Falcon). Cells were cultured for
24 and 48 hrs in the presence of 1.2 mg crude drug/ml of EYFZ, 10 ng/ml LPS
or culture medium only. After incubation, cells were harvested by scraping,
and quickly frozen and stored at -80 ℃. Total cellular RNAs were extracted from
1×106 J774.1 cells by the use of RNessy Mini Kit (QIAGEN). The first
strand cDNA synthesis was performed by incubating 0.5 μg of either RNA sample
in a total reaction volume of 20 μl containing 2 μl of 10 mM dNTP mixture, 2
μl of 10mM oligo-(dT), 10X reaction buffer for AMV reverse transcriptase, and
4 units (U) of AMV reverse transcripase XL (TOYOBO, Japan) at 42 ℃ for 1hr.
The sequence of oligo-(dT) was 5'-GCTCTAGATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT-3'. Two μl
of the first strand synthesis production and 2 μl each of 10 mM oligonucleotide
primers (Table 1) were added to the reaction mixture (100 μl) containing 8 el
of 10 mM dNTP mixture, 8 μl of 25 mM MgCl2, 10X Ex TaqTM buffer,
and 4 units (U) of Ex TaqTM (TAKARA, Japan). Each reaction was carried out as
follows; IL-1β; denaturing at 94 ℃ for 5 min, 30 cycles of amplification (94
℃ for 1 min, 58 ℃ for 2 min, and 72 ℃ for 3 min) and extension at 72 ℃ for 10
min. IL-12p40 and IFN-γ; denaturing at 94 ℃ for 5 min, 30 cycles of amplification
(94 ℃ for 40 sec, 60 ℃ for 20 sec, and 72 ℃ for 49 sec) and extension at 72
℃ for 5min. IL-12p35, TNF-α and β-actin; denaturing at 94℃ for 5 min, 30 cycles
of amplification (94 ℃ for 1 min, 55 ℃ for 1 min, and 72 ℃ for 2 min) and extension
at 72 ℃ for 7 min.
Measurements of IL-12 IL-12 production by J774.1 cells was assayed by
using ELISA kits OptEIATM Mouse IL-12 (p70) Set (PHARMINGEN) according
to the protocols by manufacturer. Cells were cultured for 24, 48 and 72 hrs
in the presence of 0.15 mg/ml, 1.2 mg/ml and 3.6 mg crude drug/ml of EYFZ, 10
ng/ml LPS or culture medium only. After incubation, the culture supernatants
were collected and stored at -80 ℃ until use.
Statistical Analysis A statistical significance of difference between
the control and experimental group was analyzed by Students t-test.
Results
|
Morphological changes caused by EYFZ To elucidate the effect of EYFZ on J774.1 cells, morphological changes were observed under a phase-contrast microscope after incubation with EYFZ for 3, 6, 12 hrs (Fig. 1). EYFZ at 1.2 mg crude drug/ml caused great changes in their size and shapes; while J774.1 cells in the presence of EYFZ became spread and/or elongated with numerous vacuoles and granules inside, the cells without EYFZ mostly remained round with some protrusions. We counted the number of spread and round cells in each condition (Fig. 2), and also measured the diameter of each cell (Fig. 3). As shown in Fig. 2, the number of round type cells in all these conditions after incubation for 3 hrs was over 70 % respectively, while the number of spreads types of cells with EYFZ and that with LPS for 12 hrs significantly increases compared with that of control. Similarly, the diameter of most cells after incubation with EYFZ and also with LPS for 3 hrs was below 20 μm which was almost similar to that of the control, while after 12hrs over 70 % of the cells stimulated with EYFZ and also those with LPS had diameter over 21 μm. Because the growth of J774.1 cells stimulated with EYFZ stopped, the number of the cells after incubation with EYFZ for 12hrs was smaller than the control. These results show that J774.1 cells change greatly in shape and size in response to EYFZ, suggesting that EYFZ induced the activation of J774.1 cells.
Fig. 1. Morphological changes of J774.1 in response to EYFZ. The cells were treated without (A), with (B) 1.2 mg crude drug/ml EYFZ, or with 10 ng/ml LPS. Each picture shows the feature of the cells after stimulation for 3 hrs (A-1, B-1 and C-1), 6 hrs (A-2, B-2 and C-2), and 12 hrs (A-3, B-3 and C-3). In A-3 and B-3 oval type cells (arrowheads) and spread type (arrows) are abundant, respectively. The photographs were taken as described in the text, and representative fields are shown. Bar, 25 μm. |
Fig. 2. The time course of morphological change after EYFZ stimulation.
Effects of EYFZ, LPS, and culture medium only on the morphology of J774.1 after incubation for 3, 6, and 12 hrs. Open bars show the % of the number of oval type cells (in Fig. 1) and hatched bars show the % of the number of spread type cells (in Fig. 1). Values represent the mean ±S.D. of duplicate experiment. |
Fig. 3. The time course of size change after EYFZ stimulation. Effects of EYFZ, LPS, and culture medium only on the size of J774.1 incubation for 3, 6, and 12 hrs. Open bars show the % of the number of small cells (diameter was below 20 μm), hatched bars and solid bars show the % of the number of large cells (diameter were over 21 μm to 30 μm and over 31 μm, respectively). |
The effect of EYFZ on the expression of cytokine mRNAs The cytokine mRNA
expression of J774.1 cells treated with or without EYFZ was investigated. The
gel electrophoretic patterns of the RT-PCR products of IL-1 β, IL-12p35, IL-12p40,
IFN-γ, TNF-α and β-actin are presented in Fig. 4. The expression level of IL-12p35
and IL-12p40 was induced in J774.1 cells after 12hrs and 24hrs of the treatment
with EYFZ, though the expression of β-actin, a house keeping gene, was almost
constant in each sample. We could not find any differences of other cytokine
expression between treated cells and untreated cells.
Fig. 4. The effects of EYFZ on the expression of cytokine mRNAs.
J774.1 cells stimulated with EYFZ or LPS in culture were assayed for IL-1β, IL 12p35, IL-12p40, IFN-γ, TNF-α and β-actin mRNA by RT-PCR. The results are for a typical example of repeated experiments. |
Fig. 5. The secretion of IL-12 from J774.1 stimulated with EYFZ.
The secretion of IL-12 from J774.1 was examined after incubation for 24, 48, and 72 hrs. J774.1 cells (1×106 cells/ml) were cultured in the presence of EYFZ (0.15 mg/ml, 1.2 mg/ml and 3.6 mg crude drug/ml) (hatched bars), LPS (10 ng/ml) (solid bars), or control (culture medium only). Values represent the mean ± S.D. of four independent experiments. |
EYFZ stimulates J774.1 cells to produce IL-12 We next examined whether this increased expression of IL-12 induced by EYFZ occurs at the protein level. After J774.1 cells were incubated with 0.15 mg/ml, 1.2 mg/ml and 3.6 mg crude drug/ml of EYFZ for 24, 48 and 72 hrs, IL-12 in the culture supernatants were assayed by ELISA. As shown in Fig. 5, IL-12 secreted from J774.1 cells stimulated with EYFZ in the culture supernatants was significantly higher in concentration compared to that of the control.
Discussion
|
In this study, we examined the activation of murine macrophage-like cell
line J774.1 after EYFZ-treatment, and the results suggest that J774.1 cells
were activated by EYFZ and expressed IL-12. We also showed that J774.1 cells
stimulated with EYFZ secreted IL-12 in the culture supernatant. J774.1 cells
are originated from BALB/c mice and have almost the same characterizations with
the in vivo macrophages in the immunological function23-26),
So it seems to be considered that these results will be applicable to the in
vivo macrophages.
Macrophages are involved at almost all stages of the immune response and play
a role in the initial response to microbial infection before T- and B cell immunity
is mobilized. Mechanisms by which macrophages act as effector cells in a host
defense system include both intracellular and extracellular cytokine secretion
activities. Thus, we investigated here whether EYFZ could stimulate the secretion
of cytokine from J774.1.
As shown in this study, EYFZ was able to induce IL-12 production by J774.1.
IL-12 has recently been brought into focus as an effector molecule to enhance
immunity by murine macrophages27-29). Production of IL-12 by macrophages
can be induced by interaction with activated T cells, which provide costimulatory
signals via molecules such as CD40 ligand. These signals appear to be essential,
because their inhibition can abrogate IL-12 production. IL-12 exerts multiple
effects on T and NK cells including the augmentation of IFN-c production, proliferation,
and cytotoxic activity, and also plays an important role to determine a Th1/Th2
balance30). IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of disulfide
linked p40 and p35 subunits; both subunits have to be expressed within the same
cell to produce biologically active p70 heterodimer31). It has been
shown that p40 mRNA expression is up-regulated in the cells producing IL-12,
whereas p35 mRNA is constitutively expressed in various cells32).
As shown in Fig. 4, the expressions of IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 were induced similarly
as assessed at 12 hrs and 24 hrs after the treatment with EYFZ. Moreover, our
results of ELISA show that this increased expression of IL-12p35 and IL-12p40
induced by EYFZ occurs at the protein level.
The anti-tumor effects of EYFZ in colon-26 implanted mice were shown in our
previous report22), and it was reported that IL-12 has anti-tumor
effect33-36) and a powerful anti-tumor activity in mice against 17
different lines of transplantable murine tumors, including carcinomas, sarcomas,
melanomas and lymphomas37). IL-12 is much more effective in anti-tumor
effect than are other cytokines, such as IL-2 and IFN-α, and is effective at
the doses with much lower toxicity. In our study, relationship is unclear between
the effects of EYFZ on anti-tumor and enhancement of NK function in vivo
and activation of macrophage like cell line J774.1 in vitro. However,
some papers showed that components of crude drugs of EYFZ include polysacchari38-43),
which can activate the function of macrophage. Thus, whether or not oral administration
of EYFZ can induce macrophages to produce endogenetic IL-12 is not demonstrated
now. So, this elucidation needs more study in future.
Conclusively, we have found that EYFZ markedly activates J774.1 to produce
IL-12, which is potentially an immune enhancer. The mechanism of this activating
effect on J774.1 by EYFZ is still unclear. In order to study this mechanism,
the isolation and chemical characterization of the active compounds from EYFZ
are needed.
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中国の伝統的漢方薬「益気養血扶正剤」の抗腫瘍活性と免疫細胞機能に及ぼす影響
2. マウスのマクロファージ細胞株J774.1の形態変化の誘導とIL-12産生の促進
中島かおり1),Deng Hong1, 2),Ma Xinling1),蓮見賢一郎1),赤塚俊隆2),和合治久3)
1)蓮見癌研究所中医学研究室,2)埼玉医科大学微生物学教室,3)埼玉医科大学短期大学臨床検査学科
〔平成13年6月1日 受付〕